9X COVID-19 survival in nursing home if had 80,000 IU dose of vitamin D in previous month – Oct 2020

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Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental study
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oct 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771
Cedric Annweiler, B erangere Hanotte, Claire Grandin de l,Eprevier, Jean-Marc Sabatier, Ludovic Lafaie, Thomas Celarier

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Highlights and Abstract

Highlights
•Vitamin D may be a central biological determinant of COVID-19 outcomes.
•Bolus vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was associated with less severe COVID-19 in frail elderly.
•Bolus vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was associated with better survival rate in frail elderly.
•Randomized controlled trials are expected to firmly conclude the effect of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 prognosis.
Abstract
Vitamin D may be a central biological determinant of COVID-19 outcomes. The objective of this quasi-experimental study was to determine whether bolus vitamin D3 supplementation taken during or just before COVID-19 was effective in improving survival among frail elderly nursing-home residents with COVID-19. Sixty-six residents with COVID-19 from a French nursing-home were included in this quasi-experimental study. The “Intervention group” was defined as those having received bolus vitamin D3 supplementation during COVID-19 or in the preceding month, and the “Comparator group” corresponded to all other participants. The primary and secondary outcomes were COVID-19 mortality and Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement (OSCI) score in acute phase, respectively. Age, gender, number of dmgs daily taken, functional abilities, albuminemia, use of corticosteroids and/or hydroxychloroquine and/or antibiotics (i.e., azithromycin or rovamycin), and hospitalization for COVID-19 were used as potential confounders. The Intervention (n=57; mean士SD，87.7士9.3years; 79%women) and Comparator (n=9; mean? 87.4±7.2 years; 67% women) groups were comparable at baseline, as were the COVID-19 severity and the use of dedicated COVID-19 drugs. The mean follow-up time was 36±17days.

• 82.5% of participants in the Intervention group survived COVID-19, compared to only
• 44.4% in the Comparator group (P=0.023).

The full-adjusted hazard ratio for mortality according to vitamin D3 supplementation was HR=0.11 [95%CI:0.03;0.48]，P=0.003. Kaplan-Meier distributions showed that Intervention group had longer survival time than Comparator group (log-rank P=0.002). Finally, vitamin D3 supplementation was inversely associated with OSCI score for COVID-19 (p=- 3.84[95%CI:-6.07;-1.62],P=0.001). In conclusion, bolus vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was associated in frail elderly with less severe COVID-19 and better survival rate.

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INTRODUCTION

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is spreading worldwide from China, affecting millions of people and leaving thousands of dead, mostly in older adults. With the lack of effective therapy, chemoprevention and vaccination [1], focusing on the immediate repurposing of existing drugs gives hope of curbing the pandemic. Importantly, a most recent genomics-guided tracing of the SARS-CoV-2 targets in human cells identified vitamin D among the three top-scoring molecules manifesting potential infection mitigation patterns through their effects on gene expression [2]. In particular, by activating or repressing several genes in the promoter region of which it binds to the vitamin D response element [3], vitamin D may theoretically prevent or improve COVID-19 adverse outcomes by regulating

• (i) the renin-angiotensin system (RAS),
• (ii) the innate and adaptive cellular immunity, and
• (iii) the physical barriers [4].

Consistently, epidemiology shows that hypovitaminosis D is more common from October to March at northern latitudes above 20 degrees [3], which corresponds precisely to the latitudes with the highest lethality rates of COVID-19 during the first months of winter 2020 [1]. In line with this, significant inverse associations were found in 20 European countries between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and the number of COVID-19 cases, as well as with COVID-19 mortality [5]. This suggests that increasing semm 25(OH)D concentration may improve the prognosis of COVID-19. However, no randomized controlled trial (RCT) has tested the effect of vitamin D supplements on COVID-19 outcomes yet. We had the opportunity to examine the association between the use of vitamin D3 supplements and COVID-19 mortality in a sample of frail elderly nursing-home residents infected with SARS-CoV-2. The main objective of this quasi- experimental study was to determine whether bolus vitamin D3 supplementation taken during or just before COVID-19 was effective in improving survival among frail elderly COVID-19 patients living in nursing-home. The secondary objective was to determine whether this intervention was effective in limiting the clinical severity of the infection.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study population

The study consisted in a quasi-experimental study in a middle-sized nursing-home in Rhone, South-East of France, the residents of which were largely affected by COVID-19 in March- April 2020 (N=96, including n=66 with COVID-19). Data were retrospectively collected from the residents’ records of the nursing-home.

The nursing-home is dedicated to residents with physical disabilities, major neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders. The facility includes 56 single rooms and 21 double rooms, along with communal dining and activity areas. There are no closed units. All residents were allowed to move around the building until 21 March 2020, when social distancing and other preventive measures were implemented. Residents were isolated in their rooms with no communal meals or group activities. No visitors, including families, were allowed in the nursing-home since 10 March 2020. Enhanced hygiene measures were implemented, including cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched surfaces, permanent face masks, and additional hand hygiene stations for staff members.

The inclusion criteria for the present analysis were as follows: 1) residents with cMcally obvious or diagnosed COVID-19 with RT-PCRin March-April 2020; 2) data available on the treatments received, including vitamin D supplementation, since the diagnosis of COVID-19 and during the previous month at least; 3) data available on the vital status and COVID-19 evolution as of May 15, 2020; 4) no objection from the resident and/or relatives to the use of anonymized clinical and biological data for research purposes. Sixty-six residents had COVID-19 during the study period. They all met the other inclusion criteria and were included in the present analysis.

Intervention: bolus vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19

All residents in the nursing-home receive chronic vitamin D supplementation with regular maintenance boluses (single oral dose of 80,000 IU vitamin D3 every 2-3 months), without systematically performing serum control test as recommended in French nursing-homes [6] due to the very high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D reaching 90-100% in this population [7]. Here, the "Intervention group" was defined as all COVID-19 residents who received an oral bolus of 80,000 IU vitamin D3 either in the week following the suspicion or diagnosis of COVID-19, or during the previous month. The "Comparator group" corresponded to all other COVID-19 residents who did not receive any recent vitamin D supplementation. None received D2 or intramuscular supplements. All medications were dispended and supervised by a nurse.

Primary outcome: COVID-19 mortality

The primary outcome was mortality of COVID-19 residents during follow-up. Follow-up started from the day of COVID-19 diagnosis for each patient, and continued until May 15, 2020, or until death if applicable.

Secondary outcome: OSCI score for COVID-19 in acute phase

The secondary outcome was the score on the World Health Organization’s Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement (OSCI) for COVID-19 [8]. The score was calculated by the geriatrician of the nursing-home during the most severe acute phase of COVID-19 for each patient. The OSCI distinguishes between several levels of COVID-19 clinical severity according to the outcomes and dedicated treatments required，with a score ranging from 0 (benign) to 8 (death). A score of 4 corresponds to the introduction of oxygen (nasal oxygen catheter or oral nasal mask), and a score of 6 to intubation and invasive ventilation [8].

Covariables

Age，gender，number of drugs daily taken, functional abilities, nutritional status, COVID-19 treatment with corticosteroids and/or hydroxychloroquine and/or dedicated antibiotics, and hospitalization for COVID-19 were used as potential confounders. The number of drugs usually taken per day was recovered from prescriptions in the nursing-home and served as a measure of the burden of disease, as previously reported [9]. The use of corticosteroids and/or hydroxychloroquine and/or dedicated antibiotics (i.e., azithromycin or rovamycin) were noted from prescriptions in the nursing-home or during hospitalization, as appropriate. Functional abilities prior to COVID-19 were measured from 1 to 6 (best) with the Iso-Resources Groups (GIR) [10]. Finally, the prognosis related to the nutritional status prior to COVID-19 was evaluated using the last measure of semm albumin concentration during the past semester, as appropriate [11].

Statistical analysis

Participants’ characteristics were summarized using means and standard deviations (SD) or frequencies and percentages, as appropriate. As the number of observations was higher than 40, comparisons were not affected by the shape of the error distribution and no transform was applied [12]. First, comparisons between participants separated into Intervention and Comparator groups were performed using Mann-Whitney U test or the Chi-square test or Fisher test, as appropriate; and then according to mortality. Secondly, a full-adjusted Cox regression was used to examine the associations of mortality (dependent variable) with bolus vitamin D3 supplements and covariables (independent variables). The model produces a survival function that provides the probability of death at a given time for the characteristics supplied for the independent variables. Third, the elapsed time to death was studied by survival curves computed according to Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test
Finally, univariate and multiple linear regressions were used to examine the association of bolus vitamin D3 supplementation (independent variable) with OSCI score (dependent variable), while adjusting for potential confounders. P-values<0.05 were considered significant. All statistics were performed using SPSS (v23.0, IBM Corporation, Chicago, EL) and SAS® version 9.4 software (Sas Institute Inc).

Standard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient Consents The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards set forth in the Helsinki Declaration (1983). No participant or relatives objected to the use of anonymized clinical and biological data for research purposes. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Angers University Hospital (2020/67). The study protocol was also declared to the National Commission for Information Technology and civil Liberties (CNIL).

RESULTS

Sixty-six participants (mean士SD age 87.7士9.0years，range 63-103years; 77.3% women) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and included in this quasi-experimental study. The mean followup was 36±17 days. Fifty-one people survived COVID-19, while 15 died. The two groups were comparable at baseline with no significant difference regarding the age (P=0.699), gender (P=0.731)，the mean number of drugs usually taken per day (P=0.053)，the GIR score (P=0.209) and the serum albumin concentration (P=0.263) (Table 1). Regarding care dedicated to CO VID_ 19, only the proportion of patients who received a bolus of vitamin D3 during or just before COVID-19 differed between deceased participants and survivors, with a higher prevalence in survivors (respectively 92.2% versus 66.7%, P=0.023). In contrast, there was no between-group difference in the proportion of patients treated with corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine or dedicated antibiotics, or hospitalized for COVID-19.
Table 1 indicates the characteristics of participants separated into Intervention (n=57) and Comparator (n=9) groups. Their baseline characteristics (age, gender, albuminemia) did not differ between groups, with the exception of the number of drugs usually taken (which involved the use of vitamin D supplements) and the disability score (Table 1). Similarly, the proportion of participants at each OSCI severity level as well as the use of dedicated COVID- 19 dmgs did not differ between Intervention and Comparator groups. At the end of the follow-up, 82.5% of patients from the Intervention group survived COVID-19, compared to only 44.4% in the Comparator group (P=0.023).

Figure 1 shows a statistically significant and clinically relevant protective effect against mortality of bolus vitamin D3 supplementation received during or just before COVID-19. The hazard ratio (HR) for mortality according to vitamin D3 supplementation was 0.21 [95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.07;0.63] P=0.005 in the unadjusted model, and HR=0.11 [95%CI: 0.03;0.48] P=0.003 after adjustment for all potential confounders. No other covariables were associated with mortality, in particular no other dedicated treatments. Using the season of the COVID-19 diagnosis as an additional potential confounder did not affect the results (data not shown). Consistently, Kaplan-Meier distributions showed in Figure 2 that the residents who had not recently received vitamin D3 supplements had shorter survival time than those having received vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 (log- rank P=0.002).

Finally, the linear regression model illustrated in Table 2 showed that bolus vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was inversely associated with the OSCI score for COVID-19 in acute phase. Similar results were found before (P=-2.96 [95%CI:- 4.79;-1.12], P=0.002) and after adjusting the analyses for potential confounders (p=-3.84 [95%CI: -6.07;_1.62]，P=0.001).

Portion of table 2

DISCUSSION

The main finding of this nursing-home-based quasi-experimental study is that, irrespective of all measured potential confounders，bolus vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was associated with less severe COVID-19 and better survival rate in frail elderly. No other treatment showed protective effect. This novel finding provides a scientific basis for vitamin D replacement trials attempting to improve COVID-19 prognosis.

To our knowledge we provide here the first quasi-experimental data examining the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the survival rate of COVID-19 patients. To date, only rare observational data, all of which are consistent, are available on the link between vitamin D and COVID-19. The first reports in COVID-19 patients indicated that hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent in this population, reaching 85% [13], and that semm 25(OH)D concentrations are lower in COVID-19 patients compared to controls [14]. Similarly, significant inverse correlations were found in 20 European countries between the mean semm 25(OH)D concentrations and the number of COVID-19 cases/lM, as well as with mortality/1M [5]. The severity of hypovitaminosis D appears to relate to the prognosis of COVID-19 since the mortality rate was multiplied by 7.6 among people with hypovitaminosis D <75nmol/L, and by 10.1 among those with hypovitaminosis D <50nmol/L (P<0.001) [15]. Similarly, another observational study in 212 COVID-19 cases showed that, for each standard deviation increase in semm 25(OH)D, the probability of mild rather than severe COVID-19 was multiplied by 7.9 (P<0.001), while the probability of mild rather than critical COVID-19 was multiplied by 19.6 (P<0.001) [16]. These results suggest that increasing semm 25(OH)D concentration may improve the prognosis of COVID-19. Interventional studies dedicated to COVID-19 are yet warranted for investigating the role of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes. Interestingly, previous meta-analyses found that high-dose prophylactic vitamin D supplementation was able to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections [17]. Based on this observation, we and others are conducting anRCT designed to test the effect of high-dose versus standard-dose vitamin D3 on 14-day mortality in COVID-19 older patients (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04344041). While waiting for the recmitment of this RCT to be completed, the findings of the present quasi-experimental study strongly suggest a benefit of bolus vitamin D3 supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes and survival.

How vitamin D supplementation may improve COVID-19 outcomes and survival is not fully elucidated. Three mechanisms are possible: regulation of (i) the RAS, (ii) the innate and adaptive cellular immunity, and (iii) the physical barriers [4]. First, vitamin D reduces pulmonary permeability in animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by modulating the activity of RAS and the expression of the angiotensin-2 converting enzyme (ACE2) [18]. This action is cmcial since SARS-CoV-2 reportedly uses ACE2 as a receptor to infect host cells [19] and downregulates ACE2 expression [20]. ACE2 is expressed in many organs, including the endothelium and the pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells, where it has protective effects against inflammation [21]. During COVID-19, downregulation of ACE2 results in an inflammatory chain reaction, the cytokine storm, complicated by ARDS [22]. In contrast, a study in rats with chemically-induced ARDS showed that the administration of vitamin D increased the levels of ACE2 mRNA and proteins [23]. Rats supplemented with vitamin D had milder ARDS symptoms and moderate lung damage compared to controls. Second, many studies have described the antiviral effects of vitamin D, which works either by induction of antimicrobial peptides with direct antiviral activity against enveloped and non- enveloped viruses, or by immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects [24]. These are potentially important during COVID-19 to limit the cytokine storm. Vitamin Dean prevent ARDS [25] by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory Thl cytokines, such as TNFa and interferon y [24]. It also increases the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages [24]. Third, vitamin D stabilizes physical barriers [4]. These barriers are made up of closely linked cells to prevent outside agents (such as viruses) from reaching tissues susceptible to viral infection. Although viruses alter the integrity of the cell junction, vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of functional tight junctions viaE-cadherin [4]. All these antiviral effects could potentiate each other and explain our results.

We also found that none of the other dedicated dmgs used in this quasi-experimental study was associated with better survival rate in COVID-19 patients. The interest of these drugs in COVID-19is still debated, whether for corticosteroids [26], hydroxychloroquine [27] or azithromycin [28]. However, it should be noted that these drugs were given here as part of patient care in the most severe clinical situations, which could have biased and masked their effectiveness (if any).

The strengths of the present study include i) the originality of the research question on an emerging infection for which there is no scientifically validated treatment, ii) the detailed description of the participants’ characteristics allowing the use of multivariate models to measure adjusted associations, and iii) the standardized collection of data from a single research center.

Regardless, a number of limitations also existed. First, the study cohort was restricted to a limited number of nursing-home residents who might be unrepresentative of all older adults. Second, although we were able to control for the important characteristics that could modify the association, residual potential confounders might still be present such as the semm concentration of 25(OH)D at baseline - alow level classically ensuring the effectiveness of the supplementation [29]. As this analysis was not initially planned, no concerted efforts were made to systematically measure the semm 25(OH)D concentration before and after supplementation. Third, the quasi-experimental design of our study is less robust than an RCT. Participants in the Comparator group did not receive vitamin D placebo, and there was no randomization. It should yet be noted that the characteristics of the two groups did not differ at baseline, which allows interpreting the survival difference as linked to the vitamin D3 supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, we were able to report among frail elderly residents that bolus vitamin D3 supplementation taken during or just before COVID-19 was associated with less severe COVID-19 and better survival rate. No other treatment showed protective effect.

Vitamin D3 supplementation may represent an effective, accessible and well-tolerated treatment for COVID-19, the incidence of which increases dramatically and for which there are currently no validated treatments. Further prospective, preferentially interventional, studies are needed to confirm whether supplementing older adults with bolus vitamin D3 during or just before the infection could improve, or prevent, COVID-19.

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• Long-haul COVID-19 - another hint that Vitamin D should help - Dec 2020
• 6X less risk of COVID-19 ICU if Vitamin D and Vit B12 and Mg – Jan 2021
• Vitamin D supplementation and high levels reduce COVID-19 deaths in elderly – Review April 17, 2021
• Severe childhood COVID-19 associated with Vitamin D deficiency (hospital in Finland) – March 2021
• Kidney patients who happened to be getting high-dose Calcitriol were 9X less likely to die of COVID-19 - April 6, 2021
• Overview of reviews of COVID-19 and vitamin D, etc. – April 2021
• Less COVID-19 infection, mortality in countries with higher Vitamin D (Asia in this case) – May 2021
• COVID-19 was the third-leading cause of death in the US, especially in those with dark skins - April 1, 2021
• Children with COVID-19 and low levels of Vitamin D have more severe cases – March 31, 2021
• Risk of COVID-19 death was 4.9 X higher if very low vitamin D – March 31, 2021 17th mortality observation
• Diabetes has many bidirectional links with COVID-19 – March 2021
  • Diabetes is one of the 26 health risks identified by the CDC for getting COVID-19 - ALL of which are associated with low vitamin D
• COVID-19 was 2.6X more severe if very low Vitamin D (43 studies) – meta-analysis March 26, 2021
• To protect against COVID-19, how much vitamin D – 20 to 50 ng – March 19, 2021
• COVID-19 mortality for Parkinson’s is 1 in 5, speculates that vitamin D could help - March 18, 2021
• Prefer 40 – 60 ng of Vitamin D to minimize COVID-19 – March 17, 2021
• The lower the Vitamin D, the worse the COVID-19 (600 in Turkey)– March 2021
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• COVID-19 prognostic indicators in plasma extrapolate to zero if Vitamin D is 40 to 80 ng – March 2021
• COVID public health messages 1, 2, and 3 should be - vitamin d vitamin d, vitamin d (video and transcript) - Mar 5, 2021
• COVID-19 mortality 2X higher if low Vitamin D (Mexican hospital, preprint) - March 2021
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• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and long-haul COVID-19
  • low vitamin D, autoimmune and cytokine storms may be involved on both
• 2.1 X more COVID-19 deaths in European countries with less than 20 ng of vitamin D – March 12, 2021
• Supporting non-standard but proven ways to fight COVID-19 can result in job loss – March 2021
• 3X less likely to die of COVID-19 if good level of vitamin D (seniors in Boston)– March 8, 2021
• Low Vitamin D associated with 2.7X more severe COVID-19 – 12th MA March 5, 2021
• COVID-19 fought by Vitamin D or Heat - Drs Seheult and Patrick video - March 3, 2021
• Vitamin D Deficiency and Covid-19: Book by Drs Anderson and Grimes - July 2020
• Vitamin D recommendations for COVID-19 – Spanish Geriatrics Society – March 2021
• 250,000 FREE bottles of vitamin D to fight COVID-19 by Dr. Murray at iHerb – March 3 2021 Dr. Oz show
• Vitamin D and COVID-19 webinar - Feb 24, 2021
• Mongolia's National Vitamin D3 Program started in 2019
• COVID-19 what it is, prevention by Functional Nutrition doctor - Feb 2021
• All COVID-19 in ICU had low vitamin D, no difference in outcome if low vs very low – Feb 2021
• Low-cost Ivermectin and Vitamin D fight COVID-19 – Marik video 1 hr – Feb 18, 2021
• Low vitamin D associated with COVID-19 problems in NYC hospitals – Feb 2021
• All COVID-19 patients had low vitamin D, the lowest were more likely to die – Feb 18, 2021
• 200,000 IU of Vitamin D can not catch up when COVID-19 has a 10 day head start – RCT Feb 17, 2021
• 5X less likely to enter ICU with COVID-19 if get Calcifediol (semi-activated vitamin D) - RCT Feb 19, 2021
• Ultra-Orthodox Jews have high levels of COVID-19 (and ultra low Vitamin D ) - Feb 2021
• c19study.com/d Summary of Vitamin D and COVID studies (the following is updated automatically)
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• Vitamin D can prevent severe COVID-19 in Latin America too – review Feb 1, 2021
• Vitamin D and COVID-19: 1 hour simple video - Jan 31, 2021
• Higher vitamin D in a country is associated with fewer COVID-19 cases (in Asia) Feb 3, 2021 44th association
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• Vitamin-D and COVID-19: time for the profession to take a stand – Jan 20, 2021
• Roll Call of Credible Experts Advocating Vitamin D for COVID-19 - Jan 26, 2021
• Call for immediate action - Fight COVID-19 with vitamin D (up to 4,000 IU) - Jan 28, 2021
• Vitamin D, Zinc, etc. look promising for COVID-19 (Holick) – Jan 25, 2021
• Heavy Smokers 2.2 X more likely to be hospitalized with COVID-19 (they typically have 10 ng less Vitamin D) Jan 25 FREE PDF
• Vitamin D plus Inositol might help pregnancies during COVID-19 – April 2021
• MATH plus protocol for COVID-19 includes Calcifediol or Vitamin D - Jan 2021
• Vitamin D supplementation fights COVID-19 – 11th meta-analysis Jan 24, 2021
• Vitamin D helps the immune system fight COVID-19 – video Jan 21, 2021
• COVID-19 2.7 X more likely to be severe if less than 8 ng of vitamin D (China) – Jan 2021
• 2.7 fewer COVID-19 hospital deaths in those having more than 30 ng of vitamin D – Mayo Jan 9, 2021
• Vitamin D Help Us Fight Infections - interview of Dr. Thakkar (transcript) Jan 20, 2021
• COVID-19 onset strongly associated with latitude in Europe (Vitamin D)– Jan 21, 2021
• France: 73 experts and 6 academies recommend vitamin D to prevent COVID-19 Jan 19, 2021
• Worse COVID-19 patients got 400,000 IU of vitamin D, deaths cut in half – Jan 14, 2021
• Vitamin D-COVID interview by Dr. Campbell of Davies (member of UK Parliament) - Jan 17, 2021
• Iranians with COVID-19 were 2.3 X more likely to die if low vitamin D – Jan 2021
• Many COVID-19 risks are associated with low vitamin D (7 studies) – Systematic Review Jan 2021
• 40 ng of Vitamin D to fight COVID 15K to 50K weekly or 100K monthly - Spanish Jan 2021
• Poor COVID-19 prognosis was 6 X more likely if low vitamin D – Jan 21, 2021
• Unraveling the roles of vitamin D status and melanin during COVID-19 (Review) Jan 11
• 30 x fewer COVID-19 deaths in those getting 400,000 IU of Vitamin D - Jan 2021
• 2.8 X fewer COVID-19 nursing home deaths if add 10,000 IU Vitamin D daily for a week (small observation)- Jan 2021
• 3.7 X less likely to die of COVID-19 if supplemented with Vitamin D - meta-analysis Jan 5, 2021
• COVID-19 test positive 4.5 X more likely if had low vitamin D test within 4 years – Jan 6, 2021
• Don’t Let COVID-19 Patients Die With Vitamin D Deficiency - Jan 5, 2021
• Less likely to test positive for COVID-19 if higher Vitamin D – meta-analysis Jan 6, 2021
• Vitamin D reduces COVID-19 by 80 percent - anonymous meta-analysis - Jan 5, 2021
• COVID 19 Video - Drs. Seheult and Campbell : Lessons Learned and a Look Ahead - Jan 4
• Many drugs increase ACE2 and COVID-19 (176 page review) - Dec 2020
• Italian nursing home COVID-19 – 4X less likely to die if taking Vitamin D– Dec 22, 2020
• Take 50,000 IU of Vitamin D weekly before and after COVID-19 vaccination by VItaminDWiki
• COVID-19 lung infection upsets Vitamin D genes (so more or different form of Vit D is required) - Dec 22, 2020
• COVID-19 Disease and Vitamin D: A Mini-Review – Dec 15, 2020
• French Consensus – 200,000 IU of Vitamin D if get COVID-19 – Dec 22, 2020
• Rational approach to COVID-19: 50k-100k of Vitamin D weekly – Dec 2020
• Shift workers 2X more likely to get COVID-19 (low Vitamin D) - Dec 2020
• COVID-19 plus pneumonia in ICU with low vitamin D equaled Death - Dec 2020
• Excellent on-going analysis of Vitamin D and COVID-19 publications
• Those getting intermittent vitamin D were 7 X less likely to die of COVID-19 - Dec 11, 2020
• COVID-19 patients with low vitamin D had far fewer natural killer cells – Dec 2020
• COVID-19 Vitamin D: Overview of Evidence by Dr. Seheult (Video and transcript) - Dec 10, 2020
• 75 articles indicate that Vitamin D should fight COVID-19 – Evidence Review Dec 10, 2020
• COVID-19 Vitamin D: Overview by Dr. in Sri Lanka (Video and transcript) - Dec 8, 2020
• Vitamin D recommended to fight COVID-19 by 2 groups – Dec 7, 2020
• Vitamin D helps athletes while reducing their COVID-19 risk - Dec 4, 2020
• 5X more likely to test positive for COVID-19 if low vitamin D in previous 5 years (900,000 people) - Dec 4, 2020
• 5.8 X more likely to die of COVID-19 if low vitamin D - Systematic Review Dec 3, 2020
• Evidence of Vitamin D fighting COVID-19 etc. - take 4,000 IU if less than 20 ng (UK) – Dec 1, 2020
• 3.8 X higher risk of COVID-19 death if low vitamin D – Belgium Nov 25, 2020
• Hyperglycemic 2X more likely to have severe COVID-19 - Nov 2020 Diabetes
• A Medical School COVID-19 protocol includes Vitamin D for all phases – Marik Nov 2020
• Fight COVID-19 without drugs or vaccines, Vitamin D is the single most-studied way – Nov 2020
• Hospital COVID-19 observation: 7X more likely to live if more than 20 ng of vitamin D– Nov 19, 2020
• Higher vitamin D associated with fewer cases and deaths in India Nov 2020
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• COVID-19 defeated 3x faster by 420,000 IU Vitamin D nanoemulsion – RCT Nov 12, 2020
• 9X COVID-19 survival in nursing home if had 80,000 IU dose of vitamin D in previous month – Oct 2020
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• Rate of COVID-19 test positive is 40 pcnt lower if high vitamin D (192,000 people) - Holick Sept 2020
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Dr. Annweiler, an author of this study, has RCT #6

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A few web items on this study

• Reddit - with 111 comments in first 24 hours