IMPACT OF SERUM 25(OH) VITAMIN D LEVEL ON MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 IN TURKEY
JNutr Health Aging. 2020;
S. KARAHAN, F. KATKAT, Bagcilar Egitim ve Arastiima Hastanesi, Turkey.
Corresponding author: Serkan Karahan, Bagcilar Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Turkey, drserkankarahan at gmail.com
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As of April 29, 2022, the VitaminDWiki COVID page had: 19 trial results, 37 meta-analyses and reviews, Mortality studies see related: Governments, HealthProblems, Hospitals, Dark Skins, 26 risk factors are ALL associated with low Vit D, Fight COVID-19 with 50K Vit D weekly Vaccines Take lots of Vitamin D at first signs of COVID 126 COVID Clinical Trials using Vitamin D (March 2023) Cost to prevent a COVID death: 11 dollars of Vitamin D - Nov 2022
5 most-recently changed Virus entries
Vitamin D and COVID-19 - - - (since Sept 2021)
- Children with COVID 4X more likely to have poor Vitamin D Receptors (Note: COVID deactivates VDR) – April 2023
- 3,400 peer-reviewed studies found COVID Vaccination problems as of April 2023
- COVID death 1.5 X less likely if high vitamin D, emergency D (50K to 100K) is great – meta-analysis March 2023
- Poor vaccine batches associated with adverse events - March 2023
- Probably less of a problem if had high Vitamin D when vaccinated
- Excess deaths - 5 possible reasons - many studies
- COVID was associated with low Vitamin D or Zinc – umbrella review Feb 2023
- COVID predicted to be a pandemic that could be stopped by high dose vitamin D - Feb 2020
- COVID and other Virus fought by UV - many studies
- Seniors raised Vitamin D levels, more COVID survivors, less CKD (Slovakia) – Feb 2023
- COVID recovery 1.6X faster after 200,000 IU of Vitamin D RCT – Feb 2023
- Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome of COVID in Children 3X more likely if low Vitamin D – Feb 2023
- COVID was associated with low Vitamin D or Zinc – umbrella review Feb 2023
- Vitamin D, now conclusive (for COVID) - Dr. Campbell Video and transcript - Feb 1, 2023
- COVID ICU 3X less-likely if take any amount and type of Vitamin D – meta-analysis Jan 2023
- 2nd COVID infection increases the risk of Long-COVID - 2022
- More COVID vaccinations, more infections - Cleveland Clinic - Dec 2022
- COVID vaccination increased by 137X the risk of 10-14 year olds of dying (UK) – Jan 2023
- Chart of excess deaths and vaccination in the Netherlands - for 2022
- China: From Zero Covid to No Plan - people left to improvise - NYT Dec 18, 2022
- COVID variants in US evade bivalent vaccination by 3X to 13X – Cell Dec 13, 2022
- Fight infections such as COVID with 50 ng of Vitamin D – Sunil Dec 2022
- COVID and Vitamin D: any amount of D, at any time, for any duration reduced ICU - meta-analysis Dec 2022
- The vitamins and minerals that help the immune system respond to respiratory viruses – Dec 2022
- The COVID supplement with the most publications: Vitamin D – Nov 2022
- 23 COVID mitigation strategies: at least 6 of which increase Vitamin D in cells - Sept 2022
- Severe COVID 1.8 X more likely in pregnant women with less than 15 ng of vitamin D – Nov 2022
- Long-COVID fatigue reduced by Vitamin C and l-Arginine in one month– RCT Nov 2022
- COVID 2X more likely to be severe if low Vitamin D in previous month (Denmark, May 2020) – Nov 2022
- Respiratory viral infection (RSV) and low vitamin D - many studies
- T1 Diabetic adults 5X more likely to get COVID (hint low vitamin D)– Nov 2022
- Cost to prevent a COVID death: 11 dollars of Vitamin D - Nov 2022
- COVID US deaths: 116,000 fewer if everyone had been taking 50,000 IU Vitamin D – Campbell transcript Nov 2022
- COVID existed in the second half of 2019 - several studies nothing about Vitamin D
- PICU layoffs due to pandemic lulls, but children are now getting 3 years of viral infection all at once – Oct 2022 nothing about Vitamin D
- Fatigue and other long-haul problems appear to be associated with low Magnesium - Chambers Oct 2022
- Long-COVID symptoms in 10 Percent of women 3 months after infection (22 countries) – Oct 2022 nothing about Vitamin D
- COVID-Osteoporosis association appears to be low Vitamin D – Oct 2022
- Low Magnesium associated with severe COVID – many studies
- 10,000 COVID infections: Hospitalization 2.4X more likely if low vitamin D - Oct 2022
- BIDEN: "Almost everyone who will die from COVID this year will not be up to date on their shots." (nope) - Oct 2022
- Tripledemic: Flu, COVID, and RSV (all fought by Vitamin D) - Oct 2022
- COVID: more than 33 lineages and vaccines – Nov 2022 nothing about Vitamin D
- 1,000 X lower COVID mortality rate in 2020 for age 10 vs 65 – Oct 2022
- COVID 5.5 X more likely to be severe if low Vitamin D (children in this case) – Oct 2022
- Vitamin D was the most popular nutraceutical to avoid COVID – 41 percent of dentists in Brazil – Oct 2022
- The more COVID vaccinations you get, the More Likely you’ll get COVID - Oct 2022
- CDC v-safe vaccination data is finally on-line - Oct 5, 2022
- 400 doctors, scientists declare “international medical crisis” due to COVID-19 vaccinations - Sept 2022
- Hair loss is increased by stress: example 4X increase by COVID (hint: Vitamin D) – Sept 2022
- COVID in hospital fought by Vitamin D (25,000 IU daily for 4 days, then 25K weekly) - RCT – July 2022
- We had an inexpensive life-saving solution both before and during the pandemic (Vitamin D) - Malone May 2022
- Australia’s COVID Response resulted in 31 X more life years lost than were saved - Sept 2022
- Congress members demand FDA Investigate COVID-19 Vaccine Injuries – Sept 2022
- Early puberty during pandemic (perhaps just low vitamin D) - Sept 2022
- Vitamin D energizes the innate and adaptive immune systems to fight lung inflammation – Sept 2022
- COVID increased seniors risk of Alzheimer's by 1.7X in the next year- Sept 2022
- Pfizer vaccination trial – 1 in 800 actually had a serious adverse event – Sept 2022
- Model discovered: More UV, less COVID (many excellent charts) – Sept 2022
- COVID kids were more likely to have a poor VDR (4.3 X), than low Vitamin D (2.6 X) – Sept 2022
- Worse COVID during 3Q pregnancy if 2.5 ng lower Vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2022
- COVID fought by the antioxidants: Vitamin D, Zinc, Vitamin C, and Selenium – Review Sept 2022
- Vitamin D Supplementation and COVID-19 Outcomes: Mounting Evidence and Fewer Doubts - Aug 2022
- Many viral infections can be fought by Vitamin D (Astronaut’s in this case)– Aug 2022
- COVID worse if lower Vitamin C, but not Vitamin D in this study – Aug 2022 Why C but NOT D?
- Vitamin D improves Sinovac vaccine (fast innate response) - July 2022
- COVID survival in Europe in 2020 best predicted by population-level Vitamin D (of 13 variables) – July 2022
- Vitamin D can provide HEALTH immunity to fight the Corona virus this fall - Aug 2022
- Super-immune do not get COVID symptoms (perhaps Vitamin D) - Aug 2022
- COVID children helped by Vitamin D, trial terminated: unethical to not give Vitamin D to all: – RCT July 2022
- Current Compherensive Approach to COVID-19 (293 pages) - July 2022
- Some countries give treatment kits containing vitamin D if test positive for COVID - July 2022
- Elderly who had been in COVID ICU were 4X more likely to die if low vitamin D – Nov 2022
- Pandemic of the Boosted: UK Data Reveal Problem With COVID Vaccinations - July 2022
- Pandemic Vitamin D levels dropped by 3.3 ng (perhaps less D, more health problems) – May 2022
- Long-COVID is now the biggest COVID concern - many studies
- Severe COVID 2.6 X less likely if supplement with Vitamin D – 26th meta-analysis - July 2022
- Calcifediol is in the title of 7 virus pages as of June 2022
- Some COVID hospitalizations are due to poor Vitamin D genes (Binding Protein in this commentary) – June 2022
- COVID, Cancer, etc. are Vitamin D low-hanging-fruit – Editorial June 2022
- COVID deaths are often of fully vaccinated in fully vaccinated countries – June 2022
- Both Omicron and Monkeypox show evidence of mutation by the human immune system – June 2022
- Treat COVID early with high-dose Vitamin D (20th as of June 2022)
- Vitamin D might mitigate endemic COVID - June 2022
- Vitamin D also provides COVID Neuroprotection – April 2022
- 89% are vaccinated, but Omicron BA.5 is surging (Portugal) June 2022
- COVID hospital deaths reduced 2X by 8 days of UVB – pilot RCT May 2022
- Surviving COVID with vitamins and minerals is not a myth – June 2022
- Vitamin D is the only one which: 1) Can be done at home, 2) Needs only a single dose
- 400,000 IU of vitamin D 3 days after COVID symptoms reduced 14 day mortality by 3X – Annweiler RCT May 2022
- Patients hospitalized with COVID not helped by 500,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT – May 2022
- Suspect that they did not get the Vitamin D until 1 week after getting symptoms
- both groups had adequate vitamin D levels upon entering hospital
- COVID-19 Is Treatable and Preventable With Vitamin D: Dr. Malone - May 24, 2022
- Less COVID if more vitamin D from food (Spain) – May 2022
- You Are Going to Get COVID Again … and Again … and Again once every 3 years
- Unless you take Vitamin D
- Omicron BA.2.12.1 - US dominate form,100,000 cases daily - May 24, 2022
- Problems after childhood vaccinations - many studies - perhaps fewer problems if more Vitamin D
- Loading dose of Vitamin D for patients hospitalized with COVID (140,000 IU) – RCT completed 2021
- COVID Ventilation 2X less likely if 200,000 IU of Vitamin D when enter hospital – May 2022
- COVID in seniors 5X less likely to be severe if vegetarian (small study) – April 2022
- Inhaling Nitric Oxide 4 times a day (which increases Vitamin D) fights COVID - May 2022
- Forecast of 100 million more US COVID infections in fall and winter - May 2022
- Vitamin D, Immune function, and SARS-CoV2 – May 2022
- COVID death 5.2X more likely if Vitamin D deficient – May 2022
- Severe COVID while pregnant - none had taken any vitamin D – Oct 2021
- Risk factors for severe COVID in children are all related to low vitamin D (same as adults) - April 2022
- Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations - April 2022
- Dr. McCullough is one of the authors, in-depth look at VARS 2021 data
- COVID death 6.9X less likely if high Magnesium to Calcium ratio – April 2022
- 13 Magnesium and COVID studies in VitaminDWiki
- 21 fewer days in hospital with ARDS (COVID) if 10,000 IU of Vitamin D daily after enter hospital – RCT April, 2022
- Speculation: "No hospitalization if had gotten high dose vitamin D at COVID symptom onset"
- 4X less likely to get COVID following 4,000 IU daily for a month – RCT April 2022
- COVID and CVD deadly pandemics share a risk factor: low vitamin D - April 2022
- 29 X more likely to die of COVID if less than 20 ng of Vitamin D - March 2022
- 2.9 X less risk of COVID ICU if seniors had supplemented with Vitamin D (any amount) – April 2022
- Data from Spring of 2020. Wonder why the 2 year delay
- Micronutrients such as vitamin D should improve vaccine effectiveness (and decrease side effects) – April 2022
- High altitudes reduce the COVID-19 infection (not a surprise) – April 2022
- Obesity, Hypovitaminosis D, and COVID-19 – April 2022
- COVID while pregnant: 2.6 X more likely to be Vitamin D deficient (need to supplement) - March 2022
- Pfizer vaccine produced 30 percent more antibodies if more vitamin D – July 2022
- COVID-XE variant can probably be fought by strong immune systems (Vitamin D, etc.) - April 2022
- COVID Long-Haul at 49 weeks: overactive immune system, type O blood - March 2022
- CDC and UK data reveal the COVID vaccines do not prevent cases, transmission, severe illness or deaths - April 3, 2022
- Children have less severe COVID, but just as much long-haul as adults - April 2022
- COVID-XE variant can probably be fought by strong immune systems (Vitamin D, etc.) - April 2022
- COVID breakthru 2X more likely if pregnant (should take Vitamin D) - April 2022
- COVID, like influenza, may be able to mutate to avoid vaccines for decades - March 2022
- Increase in COVID Omicron deaths among vaccinated (CA this time) - March 2022
- Risk of COVID not reduced by 3,200 IU of vitamin D during 6 months (no surprise) – RCT March 2022
- COVID length of stay: the best predictor was Vitamin D (of 70 parameters) – March 2022
- Review of Early Treatments of COVID-19 (within a few days of symptoms)
- Omicron-1 survives on surfaces 3X longer than original - March 18, 2022
- Compare symptoms of Omicron, Flu and Colds Vitamin D fights all of them
- Immune system both activates and uses vitamin D (in brain, fight COVID, etc.) - March 2022
- COVID length of stay: The best predictor was Vitamin D (of 70 parameters) – March 2022
- COVID: most places are dropping restrictions, some are surging, and a few are both - March 15, 2022
- Giving Vitamin D often reduced COVID Mortality– Review of 11 studies – March 2022
- 18 million excess global deaths in past 2 years: COVID plus collateral damage - Lancet March 2022
- decreased Vitamin D due to lock-up is one of the possible causes
- Vitamin D of 30-40 ng fights COVID, Dr. Grimes on Liverpool Study - March 2022
- Vitamin D separately helps X or COVID, should help X with COVID (example: diabetes) – March 2022
- Recall: 26 health problems associated with increased COVID risk, ALL are assoicated with low vitamin D
- COVID can be fought by healthy immune systems (vitamins, etc.) - Feb 2022
- Note elsewhere: Vitamin D improved immune system so much that half did not even test positive 24th meta-analysis
- Vitamin D helps both the innate and adaptive immune systems fight COVID-19 – Jan 2022
- Only a single supplement taken before infection decreased COVID severity (vitamin D) – Feb 2022
- COVID children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome have less than 10 ng of vitamin D – March 2022
- Vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of COVID-19 ICU by 2.8 X – review of 10 reviews Feb 2022
- COVID vaccination makes 6X more antibodies in those having good levels of both vitamin D and Iron – June 2021
- VitaminDWiki interview and transcript - Jan 2022 143 minute - includes a section on early treatments for COVID
- 14 X less likely to have severe COVID if previously had more than 40 ng level of Vitamin D – Feb 2022
- How vitamins A, B, C, D, E, F (Omega), K fight COVID - Feb 2022
- Estrogen supplements may cut COVID-19 deaths by half (no surprise - more E, more Vitamin D) - Feb 2022
- Group achieving 30 ng (vs 26 ng) were 2X less likely to get COVID symptoms - RCT Jan 2022
- Vitamin D helps both the innate and adaptive immune systems fight COVID-19 – Jan 2022
- COVID test positive is about half as likely if have Vitamin D – 24th meta-analysis - Jan 2022
- FLCCC COVID guidelines now include vitamin D loading doses - Jan 2022
- Vitamin D and its’ role in Parkinson’s disease patients with COVID - Jan 2022
- COVID death rate was 3X lower in those with Multiple Sclerosis (85 pcnt were taking Vitamin D) - Jan 2022
- Vitamin D fights COVID (54 studies of 1,400,000 people) – 23rd meta-analysis - Dec 2021
- Vitamin D benefits ignored at a time they are most needed - Grant Jan 9, 2022
- Increase in non-COVID deaths (ages 18-64) in Indiana, India, etc. - Jan 5, 2022
- Vitamin D and COVID-19: a narrative review - Holick - Jan 4, 2022
- Two times less likely to test positive for COVID if vitamin D level more than 55ng, etc. – Dec 31, 2021
- Vitamin D and COVID - Davies, Benskin (Dark Horse video with transcript) - Dec 27, 2021
- Ivermectin taken before COVID decreased death rate by 68 percent (3,000 with Ivermectin vs 3,000 without) - Dec 24, 2021
- The Vitamin D Receptor is associated with many health problems perhaps SARS-COV-2 as well
- Dr. McCullough on COVID-19: vaccine problems, home treatment – video, transcript – Dec 13, 2021
- Far fewer vaccination antibodies against Omicron - Dec 14, 2021
- Did HIV help Omicron evolve - Dec 10, 2021
- COVID-19 death increased 2X if low Vitamin D (less than 10 to less than 30 ng) – 21st meta-analysis Dec 2021
- Most COVID patients had sticky blood platelets (Omega-3 helps) - Dec 2021
- 16,000 Physicians and Scientists Agree Kids Shouldn’t Get COVID Vaccine - Dec 15, 2021
- Florida A.G. recommends Vitamin D, Zinc, Quercetin, etc. to reduce risk of COVID - Dec 12, 2021
- Vitamin D and a Dr. in Israel - Campbell video and transcript - Dec 11, 2021
- Epstein-Barr Virus probably causes Long-COVID, CFS, and MS - many studies
- Pfizer knew of 290 kinds of COVID vaccine problems
- Vaccinated have HIGHER infection rates than unvaxxed (UK age 30-70) - Dec 9, 2021
- Rapid Vitamin D Delivery May Result in Better COVID Outcomes - Dec 9, 2021
- 11,321 Breakthru COVID cases in Massachusetts last week (fully vaccinated) - Dec 7, 2021
- COVID vaccines produce blood antibodies, not the needed mucosal antibodies - Dec 7, 2021
- also has several Vitamin D & COVID videos
- Coronaviruses evolve faster with vaccinations, expect more beyond Omicron - Nov 30, 2021
- Omega-3 decreases heart disease and COVID: Harris and Patrick, video and transcript - Dec 2021
- COVID is also associated with low Vitamin K - many studies
- Compulsory COVID Interventions do not work (400 studies - GreenMed Info) Dec 1, 2021
- Vitamin D loading doses quickly and safely raise levels – meta-analysis Dec 2021
- Real Anthony Fauci - book synopsis by Masterjohn Dec 3, 2021
- Large dose of calcifediol or vitamin D up to 15 days before COVID hospitalization reduced death rates (1.5X, 1.3X) – Dec 2021
- COVID-19 infection risk 2X higher in vaccinated than previously infected (28,000 in Netherlands) – preprint Nov 24, 2021
- Higher COVID death rates in more obese counties - Dec 2021
- COVID Virus kept mutating for 154 days in an immunocompromised person – Dec 2020
- COVID-19 risk reduction by Vitamin D, etc. - Grassroots Health Nov 29, 2021
- Vitamin D appears to drop while fighting COVID but recover later – Nov 2021
- How obesity reduces the ability of vitamin D to fight health problems such as COVID - Nov 2021
- Vaccinated were 28 percent of cases, 23 percent of deaths (waning)- CDC Sept 2021
- 11 percent fewer COVID-19 deaths if lockdowns had allowed sunshine – Nov 2021
- Long-Haul COVID is somewhat less of a problem if vaccinated – Nov 2021
- Elderly vaccinated for COVID were 2X more likely to die of ischemic stroke (2930 vs 1180 deaths)– Nov 2021
- Younger are much less likely to die of COVID than elderly (posters) - Nov 2021
- 3.3 X more likely to die if infected with SARS-Cov-2 plus a second pathogen – meta-analysis May 2021
- Pfizer trial vaccinated 22,000: 1 COVID death prevented, but 4 died of heart attacks - Nov 2021
- Problems with vaccine use during a pandemic - Dr. Bossche 2021 - 2023
- 3,900 deaths within 2 weeks of 2nd vaccination in Sweden - Nov 18, 2021
- Discussion of COVID and 50 ng of Vitamin D (video and transcript)– Dr. Campbell Nov 17, 2021
- Vaccine definition by the CDC seems to now include Vitamin D - Sept 2021
- US is buying 5 billion dollars of Pfizer COVID pills (10 million dollars of Vitamin D might do as well) - Nov 2021
- Vaccination immunity is waning - Fauci - Nov 14, 2021
- Low Vitamin D etc. more than 3 months after COVID hospitalization – Sept 2021
- Bill Gates admits COVID-19 vaccines don't stop viral transmission - Nov 5, 2021
- COVID, influenza, hepatitis B, measles, etc. vaccine responses vary with Vitamin D and its receptor
- 2X more male teens died than normal in England this summer (perhaps vaccination) - Oct 2021
- Vaccine passports expire in 6 months in Israel, but not (yet) in the US - Oct 2021
- COVID probably fought by Vitamin D, might need 50 ng - Dr. Patrick Nov 8, 2021
- COVID-19 risk reduced by vitamin D supplementation – umbrella review of 7 meta-analysis – Oct 2021
- Perhaps 3X more likely to catch COVID-19 in a group (church) in Nov 2021 than Nov 2020
- Vaccination effectiveness dropped from 83 percent to ZERO after 9 months (Sweden, preprint) – Oct 2021
- COVID natural Immunity is most likely better than vaccination immunity- literature review by Masterjohn - Oct 2021
- COVID winter is coming again in Northern US, Canada, Europe, Russia - Nov 2021
- French recommended 200,000 IU of Vitamin D to stop COVID-19 - Jan 2021
- COVID-19 severity associated with 3 vitamin D genes – Oct 2021
- Vitamin D was the only supplement that fought COVID-19 (out of 6) – Oct 2021
- Colin Powell died of COVID-19 (he had 4 risk factors for low vitamin D) – Oct 18, 2021
- https://vdmeta.com/
- COVID-19 treated by Vitamin D (example: ICU reduced by 5X) – 20th meta-analysis Oct 13, 2021
- COVID-19 and Vitamin D (42 studies, consensus) – Oct 2021
- Vitamin D was a top COVID-19 treatment at 4 hospital groups - May 2021
~ 83,000 patients
- COVID-19 and Vitamin D - Wikipedia Oct 10, 2021
- COVID-19 risk reduction by early treatment: 5X Vitamin D – Oct 8, 2021
- Dr. McCullough on COVID-19: vaccine problems, home treatment – video, slides, transcript – Oct and Dec 2021
- COVID-19 symptoms and comorbidities associated with the type of Vitamin D Receptor – Oct 2021
- COVID-19 and Vitamin D – expert consensus and guidelines (Annweiler, behind paywall) – Oct 2021
- Pfizer vaccine half as effective as Moderna after 6 months (fading or Delta) - Mayo preprint Aug 2021
- Severe COVID-19 2.5 X more likely if low vitamin D (23 studies) – 19th meta-analysis Oct 2021
- COVID-19 cases vs. vaccination (counties and countries) - Sept 2021
- 7 Symptoms predictive of COVID-19 (from 1,000,000 in UK) – Oct 2021
- Emergency treatments if get COVID-19 symptoms - Oct 2021
Many clinical trials are underway which are testing Vitamin D to fight COVID-19
Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
Background:
Because of the lack of sufficient data, we aimed to investigate the role of serum 25(OH) vitamin D level on COVID severity and related mortality.
Methods:
This was a retrospective observational study. Data, including sociodemographic features, clinical characteristics, and laboratory data, and 25(OH) vitamin D levels were recorded for each study participant. Patients were stratified into different vitamin D groups; Normal (Serum 25(OH) vitamin D level >30 ng/mL), Vitamin D insufficiency (21-29 ng/mL), and deficiency (<20 ng/ mL). The severity of COVID was classified according to the Chinese Clinical Guideline for classification of COVID-19 severity. Mortality data were determined for participants. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.
Results:
Overall, 149 C〇VID-19 patients (females 45.6%，mean age 63.5 土 15.3 (range 24-90 years) years) were included. Forty- seven patients (31.5%) had moderate COVID-19, whereas 102 patients (68.5%) had severe-critical COVID-19. The mean 25(〇H) vitamin D level was 15.2 土 10.3 ng/mL. Thirty-four (22.8%) and 103 (69.1%) patients had vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, respectively. Mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D level was significantly lower in patients with severe-critical COVID-19 compared with moderate COVID-19 (10.1 土 6.2 vs. 26.3 土 8.4 ng/mL, respectively, p<0.001). Vitamin D insufficiency was present in 93.1% of the patients with severe-critical COVID-19. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only lymphocyte count, white blood cell count, serum albumin and, 25(OH) vitamin D level were independent predictors of mortality.
Conclusion:
Serum 25(OH) vitamin D was independently associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients.